Tidal Inlets Before Hurricane Sandy.kmz

Tidal Inlets Before Hurricane Sandy

ME Inlets

Little River (Reid State Park)

Kennebec River

unnamed inlet between Fox Islands and Popham Beach
A tombolo periodically emerges and is breached, connecting Fox Islands to Popham Beach. The tombolo was breached in 1964, 1972, 1987 and 2008. Dickson (2008) states that the tombolo appears to breach every 10-15 years.

Old Morse River Inlet
The Morse River Inlet shifted to a new channel breached across the Seawall Beach spit to the south in March 2010, but this old inlet channel has more or less remained open (Dickson 2011).

Morse River
The Morse River Inlet channel shifted to a breach in the Seawall Beach spit in March 2010; the old inlet channel remains more or less open to the north (Dickson 2011).

Sprague River

Richards Pond Inlet

unnamed inlet at Crescent Beach SP

unnamed inlet in Cape Elizabeth
Opens and closes periodically, open in May 2012 imagery.

Spurwink River Inlet

Scarborough River

Historic Inlet Area (Little River Inlet)
Little River Inlet historically was located at the Old Orchard-Scarborough town line; a railroad causeway / embankment was built across the backbarrier of the inlet in 1875 (FitzGerald et al. 1989, EPA 1995), reducing its drainage area and with increased sediment transport from dredge spoil placed at Camp Ellis to the south, the inlet closed naturally sometime thereafter (Kelley et al. 1989). Before the inlet closure, Pine Point was a barrier island, the only one in the state of Maine (Nelson 1979).

Goosefare Brook

Saco River Inlet

Biddeford Pool Inlet (Wood Island Harbor)

Little River Inlet

Batson River

Kennebunk River Inlet

Mousam River

Merriland / Little River

Wells (Webhannet River) Inlet

Ogunquit River Inlet

Historic Inlet Area (Old Ogunquit River Inlet)
Some time between 1760 and 1879 the old position of the Ogunquit River Inlet closed and a new one opened approximately 1 km to the south (Nelson 1979 as cited in FitzGerald et al. 1989).

NH Inlets

Parson's Creek Inlet
Also known as Stinky Creek.

Rye Harbor

Eel Pond outlet pipes

Historic Inlet Site
An inlet was open in this general location on the 1894 USGS Topographic Map for the Newburyport Quadrangle, with the beach labelled as Jenness Beach.

Historic Inlet Site
An inlet appears in this general location on 1894 and 1932 USGS Topographic Maps for the Newburyport Quadrangle.

Hampton River Inlet

MA Inlets

Merrimack River Inlet

unnamed inlet at Sandy Point Reservation

Parker River Inlet

Essex River Inlet

Annisquam River Inlet

Unnamed Inlet at Cape Hedge

Little Good Harbor

Saugus River

Historic Inlet Site (Shirley Gut)
The 1903 USGS Topographic Map for the Boston Bay Quadrangle shows an inlet separating Deer Island from Pt. Shirley, with the Boston City boundary running through the inlet. Inlet closed naturally 1934-36 (FitzGerald 1993).

Cohasset Inlet

Scituate Harbor

New Inlet (North River)

Historic Inlet Site (South River)
Closed naturally some time after the 1898 opening of New Inlet approximately 5.6 km to the north (Buynevich and Donnelly 2006).

Green Harbor Inlet

Historic Inlet Site 1
Approximate location of paleo-inlet A in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Historic Inlet Site 2
Approximate location of paleo-inlet B in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Historic Inlet Site 3
Approximate location of paleo-inlet C in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet D in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet E in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet F in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet G in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet H in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet I in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet J in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet K in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet L in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet M in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet N in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet O in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet P in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet Q in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Approximate location of paleo-inlet R in FitzGerald et al. (2001).

Plymouth Bay Inlet

Beaver Dam Brook (Bartlett Pond)

Salt Pond Inlet

Historic Inlet Area (Scusset Mill Creek Inlet)
The inlet was once located in this general area and closed after the Cape Cod Canal was finished and stabilized in 1914; tidal creeks that once fed the inlet were redirected to the Canal and updrift accretion at the north jetty closed the inlet (FitzGerald 1993).

Cape Cod Canal

Old Sandwich Harbor

Scorton Creek

Barnstable Harbor

Bass Hole Inlet

Sesuit Harbor Inlet

Quivett Creek

Paine's Creek Inlet

unnamed small inlet at Ocean Edge Resort in Brewster

Namskaket Creek Inlet Complex

Little Namskaket Creek Inlet Complex

Rock Harbor Inlet

Boat Meadow River Inlet Complex

Herring River Inlet Complex

Herring Brook Inlet

Hatches Creek Inlet

Lieutenant Island Inlet 1

Lieutenant Island Inlet 2

Lieutenant Island Inlet 3

Blackfish Creek Inlet Complex

unnamed inlet near Omaha Road in South Wellfleet

Wellfleet Harbor (Duck Creek) Inlet

Herring River Inlet

unnamed inlet 1 at Great Island

unnamed inlet 2 at Great Island

potential unnamed inlet south of Great Beach Hill Island near Jeremy Point
Emergent island could be a new version of historical Billingsgate Island, which existed off of Jeremy Point in the late 19th century. The island hosted fishing community, schoolhouse and lighthouse before it was abandoned by 1915; the island disappeared by 1942 (Finch 1993).

Historic Inlet Area
The 1893 USGS Topographic map for the Wellfleet Quadrangle shows Duck Harbor with an inlet at the north end of Griffin Island.

Pamet Harbor Inlet

Historic Inlet Area (Pamet River Inlet)
Historically an inlet periodically would open, migrate north, then close after a new breach opened to the south. In 1919 an artificial inlet was cut (Pamet Harbor Inlet) and stabilized with dual jetties. The old inlet closed between 1933 and 1938 (FitzGerald 1993).

Historic Inlet Area (East Harbor)
An inlet in this general area closed artificially with a timber-stone dike and more than 100 buried groins in 1869, forming Pilgrim Lake (FitzGerald 1993, Watts et al. 2011). Construction of a new inlet at the southern end of the lake has been proposed to restore the inlet - estuary system (Watts et al. 2011).

PROPOSED Inlet (East Harbor)
An inlet restoration project has been proposed to restore tidal inlet access to Pilgrim Lake via Moon Pond (Watts et al. 2011).

Historic Inlet Area (Wood End Cut / Inlet)
Opened February 1885 and was closed artificially.
USACE constructed the Provincetown Dike in 1911-14 to protect the harbor in the event of a future breach.
Opened February 1940 and was closed artificially.
Opened February 1978, was still open in 1987, but closed sometime prior to 1995.
Sources: Ashley (1987), Google Earth (2014).

Historic Inlet Area
Historically an inlet was open in this area, with a barrier beach separating Herring Cove from a lagoon (Lancy's Harbor) that connected to Provincetown Harbor at its south end, from 1830 to 1920. Sources: US Coastal Survey T-Sheets 616-2 (1848; 1893 USGS Topographic map for the Provincetown Quadrangle; US Coast and Geodetic Survey no. 341 (1910); Mark Adams, NPS, pers. comm., February 27, 2015.

Hatches Harbor Inlet

Nauset Inlet

Historic Inlet Area (Nauset Inlet)
Nauset Inlet has historically been located in this southern position, where it was located from 1779 to 1946. From 1946 to 1981 the inlet slowly migrated north (accompanied by occasional spit breaches), opposite the direction of dominant longshore sediment transport (Speer et al. 1982). The trend appears to have continued with the inlet maintaining its northern position and/or migration since then.

North Inlet
Opened in 2007 (Giese et al. 2009).

New (South) Inlet
Opened in 1987 (FitzGerald 1993, 1996; Buynevich and Donnelly 2006; Giese et al. 2009).

Historic (and Future) Inlet Site (Chatham Inlet)
Chatham Inlet periodically breaches the Nausest spit; it was open between 1810-1830, migrated south from 1830-1870, reopened to the north 1870-1910, was closing 1910-1930, was closed 1930-1950, reopened 1950-1970, migrated south a little from 1975-1985 and was present at the same time as a second inlet not far to the south, and was closed again 1985-1995 while the southern inlet remained open (FitzGerald 1996). This inlet is also referred to as the old Southway Channel (USFWS 2014).

Historic Inlet Site (Monomoy Breach)
Inlet closed in 2006 (USFWS 2014).

Historic Inlet Area (Powder Hole)
An inlet to Powder Hole periodically opens and closes on average every 1.5 years (USFWS 2014). Historically Powder Hole was a harbor of refuge in the 19th century, with its opening in this general area on the USGS Topographic Map of 1893 for the Yarmouth Quadrangle. In recent years a small periodic inlet opens to the north or south of here.

Hospital Pond Inlet

unnamed inlet between North and South Monomoy Islands
Opened in 1978.

Chatham (Stage) Harbor Inlet
Inlet relocated to this position in 1965; previously it was located 2,000 ft to the east (Howes et al. 2003).

Bucks Creek Inlet

Historic Inlet Site (Cockle Cove Creek Inlet)
An inlet to Cockle Cove Creek historically existed in this area; it naturally closed by 1994 (Howes et al. 2003).

Mill Creek Inlet

Red River

Saquatucket Harbor (Andrews River)

Wychmere Harbor

Doanes Creek (Allen Harbor)

Herring River (Harwich / Dennis)

Swan Pond River

Bass River

Parker's River (Yarmouth)

Lewis Bay / Hyannis Harbor

Halls Creek

East Bay (Centerville River)
Inlet was artificially cut open in the early 1900s (Howes et al. 2006a).

West Bay

Cotuit Bay Inlet

Historic Inlet Site (Rushy Marsh Inlet)
Historically an inlet connected Rushy Marsh Pond with the Sound from before 1830 to sometime before 1943. The inlet closed naturally after the northern portion of the Popponesset spit elongated north seaward of the Rushy Marsh barrier beach. A wooden flume periodically connected the pond with the Sound from the 1950s to the 1970s at the southern end of the pond. The pond is currently connected to Nantucket Sound via a 12-inch culvert in the general location of the historical inlet (Howes et al. 2006c).

Popponesset Bay Inlet
Current position of the inlet was caused by a breach during the hurricanes of 1954 (Howes et al. 2004).

Historic Inlet Area
An inlet to Popponesset Bay has historically occurred in various locations along the spit; the current opening dates from 1954 when hurricanes breached the northern part of the spit (Howes et al. 2004).

Waquoit Bay Inlet

Historic Inlet Site
Hurricane Bob in 1991 opened an inlet in this location; it closed naturally by 2004 (Howes et al. 2005b).

Eel Pond / Childs River Inlet
The Great Hurricane of 1938 opened an inlet in this location. The inlet was closed by the USACE in 1941. A road to Washburn Island was built during World War II along with the 3 groins on the spit. The USACE then re-opened the inlet artificially in 1944 and the spit has since migrated and detached from the 3 groins (Howes et al. 2005b).

Historically the inlet to Bournes Pond was located here at the western end of the Menauhant Beach, with maps from 1846 showing it open in this area. The inlet was relocated to the central part of the beach in the mid 1980s or early 1990s. Sources: Howes et al. (2005), Buynevich and Donnelly (2006)

Bournes Pond Inlet

Source: Buynevich and Donnelly (2006)

Green Pond Inlet

Great Pond Inlet

Little Pond Inlet
The inlet frequently shoaled closed with sediment bypassing the east jetty (36 times from August 1988 to May 1993), with dredging reopening the inlet repeatedly. The inlet was widened in 1995 and dredging needs decreased (Howes et al. 2006d).

Falmouth Harbor Inlet
Inlet artificially cut in 1907 (Howes et al. 2013).

Siders Pond Outlet

Salt Pond Outlet

Historic Inlet Area (Oyster Pond)
Historically an inlet to Oyster Pond was in this area in the early 1800s. The inlet was modified with the installation of culverts after the railroad was built in 18772. The culvert connecting the pond to the Sound subsequently collapsed (Howes et al. 2006e).

Trunk River (Oyster Pond)
Small jetties were installed sometime after 1872 to inhibit the periodic closures of the inlet. The inlet was dredged and new jetties installed in 1999-2000 (Howes et al. 2006e).

Historic Inlet Site at Flume Pond

Wood Neck Inlet

Great Sippewisset Creek

Historic Inlet Area (Chappaquoit)
Chappaquoit Point historically was an island until the Chappaquoit Beach spit naturally closed the inlet (Howes et al. 2006h).

West Falmouth Harbor

Herring Brook (Old Silver Beach)

Wild Harbor River Inlet

Wild Harbor Boat Basin
The Wild Harbor Boat Basin was dredged out of a small pocket salt marsh in the early 1900s. The basin functions as a coastal embayment, as determined by the Massachusetts Estuaries Project (Howes et al. 2013e).

Fiddlers Cove

Rands Harbor

Megansett Harbor

The 1893 USGS Topographic map for the Falmouth Quadrangle shows an inlet separating Scraggy Neck from the mainland.

Pocasset River

Ox Pond

The 1941 USGS Topographic map for the Pocasset Quadrangle shows the southern portion of Toby's Island split into two parts by an inlet.

The 1941 USGS Topographic map for the Pocasset Quadrangle shows the northern pond on northern Toby's Island connected to the Bay by an inlet.

Back River

The NOAA 1931 naurical chart shows the Cape Cod Canal channel passing to the east of Hog and Mashnee Islands, through this area with two inlets separating the islands from each other and the mainland. Improvements to the Cape Cod Canal in the mid-1930s created the Mashnee Island causeway, closing the inlet and rerouting the navigation channel west of the islands (Howes et al. 2006f).

Little Harbor

Bourne Cove

unnamed inlet in Mattapoisett
Inlet is connected to Eel Pond via a culvert under Goodspeed Island Road.

Eel Pond (Mattapoisett)

Mattapoisett River

unnamed inlet west of Brandt Island Road in Mattapoisett

unnamed inlet in Shaws Cove in Fairhaven

The 1940 USGS Topographic map for the Sconticut Point Quadrangle shows an inlet separating Long Island from Sconticut Neck. The causeway may have artificially closed the inlet.

Unnamed inlet on West Island

Historic inlet site
Imagery from 1995 shows a breach into this unnamed pond on Sconticut Neck; imagery from 2001 shows the inlet is closed by then.

unnamed inlet at Winseganett Marsh in Fairhaven

Winseganett Pond

Closed in 12/30/2004 imagery
Open in 4/29/2005 imagery
Closed in 9/10/2006 imagery
Closed in 12/30/2010 and 4/2/2012 imagery
Recently closed in 4/27/2013 imagery

Little River (Dartmouth)

Slocum River Inlet

Allens Pond

Westport River Inlet

Richmond Pond

Unnamed inlet on Pasque Island in Gosnold

Historic Inlet Site - West End Pond (Cuttyhunk Island)
Opens and closes periodically; artificially opened by dredging in 2000 and 2010 (and proposed 2013). Closed by infilling from Hurricane Irene and another storm in October 2011 (Sources: USACE 2013f, Cuttyhunk Historical Society website).

Cuttyhunk Harbor

An unnamed barrier island is shown on the 1894 USGS Topographic map for the Matha's Vineyard Quandrangle, fronting the southern tip of Chappaquiddick Island and the eastern side of Katama Bay. A larger inlet entered Katama Bay near its center. The barrier island has since welded onto Chappaquiddick Island or been lost to erosion.

Katama Bay

An unnamed barrier island is shown on the 1894 USGS Topographic map for the Matha's Vineyard Quandrangle, fronting the southern tip of Chappaquiddick Island and the eastern side of Katama Bay. A larger inlet entered Katama Bay near its center. The barrier island has since welded onto Chappaquiddick Island or been lost to erosion and the barrier spit enclosing Katama Bay has extended from the west.

Edgartown Great Pond Inlet Area (Periodic)
Edgartown Great Pond has been mechanically breached since the 1930s. The Town of Edgartown mechanically breaches the pond up to 4 times annually, and the Great Pond Foundation dredges a channel to the beach site twice annually. The inlet breaches have remained open for 3 to 60 days in recent years. The inlet was closed at the time of Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. The pond is breached to improve water quality (Sources: Great Pond Foundation 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013).

Historic Inlet Area (Oyster Pond)
Open in 7/1998 imagery
Appears recently closed in 12/2001 and again in 8/2003 imagery
Open in 12/2004 imagery
Appears recently closed in 4/2005 and again in 7/2007 imagery
Appears recently breached or closed in 5/2010 and again in 6/2011 imagery

Tisbury Great Pond Inlet Area
Tisbury Great Pond is mechanically breached an average of 3 times annually for water quality and flood control purposes by the Tisbury Great Pond Riparian Owners; the inlets remain open an average of 42 days but range from less than one week to around 170 days from 1993 to 2011 (Howes et al. 2013d). The inlet was breached in March 2012 but it is unknown if the inlet was open at the time of Hurricane Sandy's landfall in October 2012.

Historic Inlet Area (Chilmark Pond)
Chilmark Pond is artificially breached by the Chilmark Pond Association on average 3 times a year since 1904 (Howes et al. 2015).

Menemsha Creek

Paint Mill Brook

James Pond

Lake Tashmoo Inlet

Unnamed inlet at Mink Meadows east of Lake Tashmoo

Lagoon Pond

Oak Bluffs Harbor Inlet
An inlet was artificially cut before 1858 to connect Lake Anthony to Vineyard Sound (Howes et al. 2013c).

Historic Inlet Site (Harthaven Inlet)
Harthaven Inlet historically was located on Farm Pond and a relic culvert still exists in this location; a culvert to the north still allows tidal exchange into and out of Farm Pond. Both culverts were constructed in 1992. The relic culvert was reopened in 2009 but was soon closed by sediment accumulation. The inlet closed naturally in the 1980s (Howes et al. 2010).
A natural breach opened in November 1990 but closed within months (Friends of Farm Pond, http://friendsoffarmpond.net/page.php?id=5).

Historic Inlet Site (Harthaven Harbor)
Historically Harthaven Harbor was connected to Vineyard Sound through a creek that ran north from the harbor to these (now relict) jetties (Howes et al. 2010). The inlet closed around 1985 (Dunlop 2004) and the barrier beach welded to the mainland, closing the creek so that only a small harbor remains to the south.

Harthaven Harbor Inlet

North Inlet, Sengekontacket Pond

South Inlet, Sengekontacket Pond

Eel Pond was enclosed by a barrier spit from the northwest and connected to Edgartown Harbor at its southeast corner on the 1894 USGS Topographic map for the Martha's Vineyard Quadrangle. The spit has disappeared and the pond is now open to the Sound.

Edgartown Harbor

Cape Poge Gut

Historic Inlet Area (Squam Pond)
From settlement times to 1981, Squam Pond was artificially breached on a regular basis; from 1933 to 1981 the breaching was conducted by the Town of Nantucket using heavy equipment (Tiffney and Andrews 1990).

Historic Inlet Area (Sesachacha Pond)
From settlement times to 1981, Sesachacha Pond was artificially breached on a regular basis; from 1933 to 1981 the breaching was conducted by the Town of Nantucket using heavy equipment (Tiffney and Andrews 1990).
From 1981 to 1991 the pond was not artificially breached. Hurricane Bob in 1991 naturally breached the pond. Since 1991 the Town of Nantucket mechanically breaches the pond biannually for water quality purposes, with the temporary inlets remaining open for 3.5 to 25 days (Howes et al. 2006).

Historic Inlet Area (Tom Nevers Pond)
From settlement times to 1981, Tom Nevers Pond was artificially breached on a regular basis; from 1933 to 1981 the breaching was conducted by the Town of Nantucket using heavy equipment (Tiffney and Andrews 1990).

Historic Inlet Area (Miacomet Pond)
From settlement times to 1981, Miacomet Pond was artificially breached on a regular basis; from 1933 to 1981 the breaching was conducted by the Town of Nantucket using heavy equipment (Tiffney and Andrews 1990).

Historic Inlet Area (Hummock Pond)
From settlement times to 1981, Hummock Pond was artificially breached on a regular basis; from 1933 to 1981 the breaching was conducted by the Town of Nantucket using heavy equipment. The pond was illegally breached in January 1987 by unknown individuals (Tiffney and Andrews 1990).
The pond has been breached biannually for water quality and flood control purposes by the Town of Nantucket since at least 1995 (Howes et al. 2014).

Unnamed inlet between Tuckernuck and Esther Islands

Unnamed inlet between Muskeget and Tuckernuck Islands

North Pond (Tuckernuck Island)

East Pond (Tuckernuck Island)

The 1893 USGS Topographic map for the Muskeget Quadrangle shows a long narrow barrier spit from Nantucket, including Esther Island, fronting the entire southwest side of Tuckernuck Island and separated from Tuckernuck by a narrow water body; a small inlet was located at the northwest end of the spit, separating its northern tip into a separate island; the spit appears to have welded onto Tuckernuck Island since then.

Historic Inlet Area (Capaum Pond)
From settlement times to 1981, Capaum Pond was artificially breached on a regular basis; from 1933 to 1981 the breaching was conducted by the Town of Nantucket using heavy equipment (Tiffney and Andrews 1990).

unnamed inlet at Eel Point on Nantucket

Nantucket Harbor

RI Inlets

Quicksand Pond Inlet

Tunipus Pond Inlet

Little Pond Inlet

Briggs Marsh Inlet

Long Pond Inlet

Gardiner Pond Inlet

Easton Pond Inlet

Almy Pond Inlet

Historic Inlet Area (Lily Pond)
The 1894 USGS Topographic map for the Newport Quadrangle shows a small inlet / channel to Lily Pond.

Wesquage Pond Inlet

The Narrows / Pettaquamscutt River

Prior to 1815 a breachway or inlet to Point Judith Pond existed in this area; the inlet was naturally closed by the Great September Gale of 1815 and a new breachway or inlet was opened approximately one mile to the west at the Narragansett-South Kingstown boundary (Lee 1980).

Point Judith Harbor

Great September Gale of 1815 opened a new Point Judith Pond breach / inlet in this area and closed the existing breachway at Sand Hill Cove to the east. The boundary line between Narragansett and South Kingstown was then drawn through the breachway in 1888 (Lee 1980).

Cards Pond Breachway

The USFWS mechanically breaches Trustom Pond at least once annually, typically in April, to enhance shorebird foraging habitat (USFWS 2002a).

Location of an inlet or temporary breach that closed naturally (Lee 1980).

Charlestown Breachway

Location of an inlet or temporary breach that closed naturally. Also the approximate location of the Charlestown Breachway mouth following the Great Hurricane of 1938, which shifted the inlet mouth west at an angle from its main channel (Lee 1980).

Stolt et al. (2011) found geologic evidence of a relict inlet in this area.

Location of artificial breaches to Potter Pond frequently cut by local fishermen circa 1901 prior to stabilization and deepening of the Point Judith Pond breachway to the east in 1909 (Lee 1980).

Quonochontaug Breachway

Weekapaug Breachway

Little Narragansettt Bay (Napatree Point)
Inlet opened in Great Hurricane of 1938, separating the Sandy Point barrier island from Napatree Point in Rhode Island (Patton and Kent 1992).

Great Salt Pond

CT Inlets

Wequetequock Cove / Anguilla Brook (Little Narragansett Bay at Sandy Point)

Quiambog Cove

Wilcox Cove

Palmer Cove

Venetian Harbor

Mumford Cove

Bushy Point Inlet
Inlet opened by the Great Hurricane of 1938, whch separated Bushy Point Beach from Bushy Point Island; prior to then, the beach was connected to the island by a tombolo (Patton and Kent 1992). A tombolo appears emergent in April 1991 imagery but submerged in July 2005 imagery.

Alewife Cove

Goshen Cove

Jordan Cove
A small breach appears very recent in 1991 imagery, separating the baymouth bar from the mainland. The inlet has since expanded and most of the bar has evolved into shoals.

Jordan Cove was historically blocked by a baymouth bar, which was originally a series of marsh islands that were filled artificially in 1927 (Patton and Kent 1992). In April 1991 imagery, the bar still extended across the mouth of the cove and was connected to land to the southeast near Palmer Road and Valley Street, with a very small breach visible recently separating the spit from land.
July 2002 imagery shows the bar split into two islands, neither connected to the mainland.
July 2005 imagery indicates the northern of the two islands has disappeared (or is fully submerged) and the southern one is greatly reduced in size and no long appears sandy.
August 2006 and April 2008 imagery shows emergent shoals where the northern island used to be and numerous shoals fronting and attached to the southern island.
December 2010 and September 2011 imagery the shoals no longer appear emergent.

Niantic River

The 1893 USGS Toporaphic map for the New London Quadrangle shows a natural inlet near Rocky Neck; the tidal creek and wetlands now drain through what appears to be a armored culvert and can no longer be considered an inlet.

Threemile River

Armstrong Brook

Mile Creek

Griswold Point bar is breached by an inlet in September 2004 imagery. The inlet was closing in July 2008 imagery and was fully closed in September 2010 imagery.

Plum Bank Creek

Oyster River Inlet

Mud Creek

Cold Spring Brook

Money Point Inlet

Historically Menunketesuck Island was connected to Grove Beach as a barrier spit; the spit was separated from the mainland by two breaches some time between 1838 and 1877, creating an unnamed sand shoal and Menunketesuck Island (Patton and Kent 1992). The historical inlet breach has now widened sufficiently so that it can no longer be considered an inlet.

Menunketesuck / Patchogue Rivers

Clinton Harbor

Cedar Island was separated from the mainland in 1840 by a new inlet. In 1883 a dike was constructed to close the inlet artificially. The dike was later exposed through erosion and the USACE covered it with artificial fill sometime prior to 1975 (Patton and Kent 1992).

Historic Inlet Area (Dowd's Inlet)
Dowd's Inlet was open during the 1880s-1890s and was connected to a salt pond; the inlet would open and close periodically with storm events. The salt pond and inlet were artificially filled during construction of the Grand Pavilion prior to the creation of Hammonasset Beach State Park. Later a parking lot was built over the site (Visel 2009).

In the early 1970s a storm breached the beach between Tom's Creek and the old Dowd's Inlet area; the inlet was artificially closed by state park staff with bulldozers (Visel 2009).

Toms Creek

Fence Creek

East River

Great Harbor Marsh Inlet (in Joshua Cove)

Mansfield Point Inlet

Caroline Creek

Morris Creek

Sandy Point Inlet

Old Field Creek Outlet 1

Old Field Creek Outlet 2

Historic Inlet Area (Old Field Creek)
The 1892 and 1914 USGS Topographic Maps for the New Haven Quadrangle shows Old Field Creek Inlet connecting with the Sound in this area.

Cove River

Oyster River

Pen Meadow Creek inlet

Milford Harbor / Indian River

The 1893 USGS Topographic Map for the Bridgeport Quadrangle shows an inlet in this area.

Fletcher's Creek

Nettleson Creek
Note that the inlet shoaled closed after Hurricane Sandy, was mechanically opened and the training walls removed after Sandy (Laura Saucier, CT DEEP, pers. comm. April 1, 2015).

Housatonic River
Prior to Hurricane Sandy, the last maintenance dredging of the federal inlet channel occurred in 1975-76 when 215,000 cy of sediment was removed from the shoal and placed in upland disposal sites; dredging was proposed in August 2012 prior to Hurricane Sandy but was not completed prior to the storm. Sources: Sargent and Bottin (1989), Patton and Kent (1992), USACE (2012b).

The Great Hurricane of 1938 cut an inlet at the east end of Long Beach in this general area, connecting Lewis Gut with the Sound. The inlet was artificially closed with fill in 1961 and in 1965-66 five groins were built and 600,000 cy of fill were placed on the beach (Patton and Kent 1992).

Bridgeport Harbor

An inlet historically separated Fayerweather Island from the mainland; the inlet was closed with a dike in 1869 and the land was drained, diked, filled, and stabilized with aseawall to develop Seaside Park, designed by Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmsted and as advocated by P.T. Barnum (Source: Seaside Park History, Bridgeport, CT, website, http://www.bridgeportct.gov/content/89019/95776/95824.aspx).

Ash Creek

Pine Creek

Southport Harbor

Sasco Creek

Green Farms Brook

Sherwood Millpond

Grays Creek

Saugatuck Harbor

Cedar Point Harbor

Canfield Inlet

Shorehaven Inlet

Charles Creek

Goodwives River

Holly Pond

Cove River (west of Cove Island)

Halloween Basin
This boat basin was salt marsh before it was dredged (Patton and Kent 1992). The 1899 USGS Topographic map for the Stamford Quadrangle shows the natural tidal inlet and salt marsh complex in existence at that time (MyTopo Online Historical Maps Collection 2015).

Dolphin Cove

The 1899 USGS Topographic Map for the Stamford Quadrangle shows Greenwich Point as an island separated from the mainland by a small inlet. Some time after 1892 the island was connected to the mainland with fill and a road by J. Kennedy Tod, who developed the property that would later become Tod's Point / Greenwich Point Park (Friends of Greenwich Point, Note that the survey for the USGS 1899 map was conducted in 1889-90, before the fill and roadway were built.

NY Inlets - Long Island Sound

Historic Inlet Site (Beach Pond, Fishers Island)
Tiny inlet appears open in April 1991 imagery;
larger inlet open in April 1994; closed with a possible artificial cut immediately to the east in April 2001, April 2004, August 2006, October 2006, March 2007, July & October 2008, and September 2009;
small inlet open again in September 2011;
closed in November 2011 and April 2013.

Historic inlet site (Fishers Island)
Small inlet breached the spit in April 1994 imagery but was closed prior to and after then.

Silver Eel Pond
Inlet is dredged by private interests (Town of Southold 2011).

Hay Harbor
Inlet was historically more sandy with beaches on both shorelines visible in April 1991 imagery.

unnamed inlet into pond near North Hill (Fishers Island)

unnamed inlet in East Harbor into pond on Fishers Island Golf Course (Fishers Island)

Goldsmith Inlet
The Peconic Mill tide-gristmill was constructed on the west side of the inlet in 1843 and operated successfully until the 1890s; the mill was torn down in 1906 (Morgan et al. 2005).
The jetty was built in 1964 and is owned by the Town of Southold. Inlet has been periodically dredged since 1977, first by Suffolk County and since 1991 by the Town of Southold. Dredged material has been placed on the beach to the northeast of the inlet and stockpiled and trucked to Kenneys Road Beach (Morgan et al. 2005).

Mattituck Inlet
Jetties were constructed 1901-1906 and federal dredging began in 1907. Dredging of the federal navigation channel occurs every 10-15 years and since 1946 the dredged material is placed on Breakwater Beach to the northeast. The inlet was also mined for commercial sand and gravel from 1925 to 1948. Bailie's Beach immediately to the west (the jetty fillet) was mined for commercial sand and gravel from before 1960 to 1977, with over 244,000 cy of material mined from 1960-1975. Source: Morgan et al. (2005).

Baiting Hollow Inlet

Wading River Inlet

Mt. Sinai Harbor

Port Jefferson Harbor

Flax Pond Inlet
The Flax Pond Unit Management Plan states that the inlet was artificially opened by local residents in 1803 and periodically deepened by horse-drawn plow up until the inlet was stabilized; the inlet was widened and deepened via dredging after World War II and the jetties built in 1947, but the project sponsor is unknown.
In 1944 the McCormack Sand and Gravel Company began mining sand and gravel from the inlet and deposits nearshore off the inlet. Sometime prior to 1874 sand and gravel began to be mined every summer from the adjacent beaches for use in New York City for various industries. No dredging has occurred since the inlet and marsh were purchased by NY DEC and SUNY in 1966 and likely for some period prior to then. Sources: Abrams et al. (2008).

Stony Brook Harbor

Nissequogue River

Crab Meadow Inlet

Eatons Neck Harbor

Sand Hole Inlet

Lloyd Harbor

unnamed inlet to lagoon near Cold Spring Harbor

Cold Spring Harbor

Eel Creek

unnamed inlet on Center Island near Mountain Avenue

Open but heavily shoaled in 4/29/2000 and 7/24/2003 imagery
Virtually closed in 4/29/2004 imagery and later

Frost Creek

Dosoris Pond

West Pond

Glen Cove Creek

Hempstead Harbor

East Creek

unnamed inlet at West Creek Farms Road in Sands Point

PLUM POINT - WESTERN BOUNDARY FOR LONG ISLAND SOUND

NY Inlets - Peconic Estuary

Oyster Pond Inlet
Inlet periodically opens and closes. It was closed in November 2011 but open in March 2012.

Lake Montauk
Inlet artificially opened in 1879 and then enlarged to its current configuration with jetties in 1926 (Town of East Hamption 1999). The inlet is dredged, with its most recent dredging episode prior to Hurricane Sandy in 2011 (USACE 2014g).

Hurricane Bob in 1991 breached the Goff Point spit, creating a second island. The inlet remained open for 6 months before closing naturally (Town of East Hampton 1999).

Hicks Island Inlet Area
Hicks Island periodically separates from the spit to the north
Appears recently closed in 10/30/2006 imagery
Closed in 3/6/2012 imagery
Very narrow inlet open in 11/3/2012 imagery
Open in 11/3/2012 imagery
Closed in 9/19/2013 and 6/19/2014 imagery

Napeague Harbor
The inlet and harbor have been dredged in the past, with dredged material placed on Hicks Island and Goff Point. The most recent dredging episode prior to Hurricane Sandy was in 1989. Source: Town of East Hampton (1999).

unnamed inlet to Devon Yacht Club marina
The inlet to the marina is dredged annually by private interests with a permit from the USACE. Sources: Town of East Hampton (1999), USACE ORM Permit Decisions website.

Fresh Pond
The Town of East Hampton has periodically dredged open the gut for water quality purposes in the past and has proposed to dredge the inlet and shorten the adjacent groins. Source: Town of East Hampton (1999).

Former site of Accabonac Harbor Inlet, which was relocated 0.25 miles north in 1959 by Suffolk County (Town of East Hampton 1999).

Accabonac Harbor
Inlet relocated 0.25 miles north by Suffolk County in 1959. The inlet is periodically dredged with approximately 12,000 to 35,000 cy of dredged material placed along 1,200 ft of beach to the north and/or 2,000 ft of each to the south. Source: Town of East Hampton (1999).

Historic sluice site
A sluiceway historically provided a tidal exchange to northern Accabonac Harbor, but it was paved over with development of the spit (Town of East Hampton 1999); the site periodically opens and closes.
Open in 9/17/2006 imagery
Closed in 11/2011 imagery

Hog Creek Inlet
Hog Creek Inlet was artificially created in the 1950s. Sources: Town of East Hampton (1999, 2013).

Three Mile Harbor Inlet
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet with the dredged material placed along Sammy's Beach and/or Maidstone Park. Sources: Town of East Hampton (1999, 2013), USACE ORM Permit Decisions website.

Prior to the Great Hurricane of 1938, Cedar Island with its lighthouse was separated from the mainland of Long Island by an inlet; sediment movement during the hurricane closed the inlet and connected Cedar Island to Long Island (Suffolk County: Cedar Point County Park website,

Alewife Brook Inlet

unnamed inlet immediately north of unnamed inlet east of Northwest Creek
Inlet appears to have been artificially created, but no documentation was found to identify the inlet as natural or artificial.

unnamed inlet east of Northwest Creek

Northwest Creek
Inlet relocated to the west in 1961 with 3750,000 cy of dredged material used to fill the old inlet and placed on the spit between the old and new inlets. Inlet was dredged in 1965, 1971and 1995, with material placed on beaches to east and west of the inlet. The Town of East Hampton Local Waterfront Revitalization Program considers relocating the inlet back to its original location or opening a 2 inlet system to the estuary. Source: Town of East Hampton (1999).

Little Northwest Creek

Sag Harbor Inlet
The nearby attached and detached breakwaters farther offshore in the harbor are owned by the USACE and were constructed in 1908. The Bay Street bridge crosses the inlet and armored bridge abutments constrict the inlet throat. The adjacent anchorage basin to the east was a USACE federal navigation project from 1902 to 1991, when it was deauthorized at the request of local entities. Sources: Smith (1988), USACE (2013e).

Great Pond Creek

Fresh Pond (North Haven)

unnamed inlet north of Goodwood Road in North Haven

unnamed inlet in North Haven near Tyndal Point

Ganet Creek

Mill Creek
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), USACE ORM Permit Decisions website.

Noyack Creek
Suffolk County dredged the inlet in 1969 and placed 134,900 cy of dredged material on nearby beaches. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

unnamed inlet to Jessup's Neck Lagoon
The inlet periodically opens and closes. The inlet was closed in November 2011 but open in March 2012.

Fresh Pond (Noyack)
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

Wooley Pond
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

Davis Creek / North Sea Harbor
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

Little Sebonac Creek

Sebonac Creek

Cold Spring Pond

Shinnecock Canal / Huntington Harbor
The inlet was dredged in 1966 and 1968 with dredged material placed on nearby beaches. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

Squire Pond

Red Creek Pond

Hubbard Creek

Goose Creek
The width of the inlet fluctuates, sometimes being narrower with spits on either side and other times wider with shoals present. Dredging of the inlet was requested but Suffolk County determined it was not in the public interest as of 1985. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

Historic inlet site

Meetinghouse Creek
The inlet and creek were dredged in 1948, 1961 and 1975 with non-sandy dredge spoil placed on the upland of nearby Indian Island County Park. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

Reeves Creek
The inlet and creek were dredged in 1965 with 708,600 cy of dredged material placed in an upland area. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

Dreamers Cove
Dredging of the inlet was requested by local interests but Suffolk County determined it was not in the public interest as of 1985. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

Miamogue Lagoon

Hawks Creek

East Creek (South Jamesport)

unnamed inlet southwest of Beach Road in Jamesport

Brushs Creek
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Town of Southold (2011).

Historic Inlet Area (Horton Creek)
A 1914 map of Long Island indicates the tidal creek (Horton Creek) and pond (Husing Pond) in this area was connected to Peconic Bay (Fuller 1914). Husing Pond Preserve is now owned by TNC but a baseball field covers where Horton Creek and its inlet were located.

James Creek
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Town of Southold (2011).

Deep Hole Creek
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Town of Southold (2011).

Halls Creek
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Town of Southold (2011), USACE ORM Permit Decisions website.

Downs Creek

West Creek

unnamed breach on Robins Island

Schoolhouse Creek
Schoolhouse Creek is a artificially created creek and inlet. Dredging was conducted in 1976 and placed 12,000 cy of material on nearby beaches. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Town of Southold (2011).

Wickham Creek
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on the beaches to the west. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Town of Southold (2011), USACE ORM Permit Decisions website.

Mud Creek
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches to the west. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Town of Southold (2011), USACE ORM Permit Decisions website.

Historical artificial inlet ?

Wunneweta Pond
The Wunneweta Pond Association periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches. Sources: Town of Southold (2011), USACE ORM Permit Decisions website.

The Lagoon at Nassau Point

Little Creek

Richmond Creek
A remnant bulkhead on the south shoreline is connected to the southern spit with a tombolo, and the bulkhead now acts like an offshore breakwater.
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches or an upland area of Emerson Park. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Town of Southold (2011).

Corey Creek

West Lake (Southold)

historical artificial Midway Inlet ?

Cedar Beach Creek
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches to the east. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Town of Southold (2011).

unnamed inlet near Paradise Point in Southold
The inlet is flanked by two "box jetties", which are constructed out of bulkheads or seawalls in the shape of a box to act as jetties.

Reydon Shores Inlet

unnamed inlet at Harbor Lights in Southold

Goose Creek
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches to the east. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Town of Southold (2011).

Town Creek
There are 4 relict groins now detached and surrounded by water on a shoal extending north off the southern spit at the inlet; the southern spit historically extended farther north, blocking Jockey Creek and narrowing the Town Creek Inlet mouth.
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches to the west. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Town of Southold (2011).

unnamed inlet southwest of Rogers Road in Southold

Pettys Pond / Beixedon Creek
The north "box jetty" has been constructed out of box-shaped seawalls filled with sediment; most of the sediment has washed away and the original box has been shortened and appears to be failing.
Other remnant or current submerged structures are visible on the south side of the inlet and immediately offshore; ownership of these structures and their purpose were unable to be identified.

Budds Pond

Brick (Sage) Cove
Sage Cove was artificially created out of a clay pit that historically supplied a nearby brick plant. Source: Town of Southold (2011).

unnamed inlet near Conkling Point

Moores Drain

unnamed inlet northwest of Fanning Point in Greenport

unnamed inlet northeast of Fanning Point in Greenport
A rubble offshore breakwater encloses a small cove, creating an inlet at the southern end; sand builds up periodically beside and behind the breakwater, creating an armored spit on the north side of the inlet.

Stirling Basin
The USACE constructed a breakwater to the northeast in 1883.
The USACE periodically dredges the inlet and places the dredged material on the bayside of the inlet spit to the east. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Smith (1988), Town of Southold (2011), USACE New York District website.

Gull Pond
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches between Stirling Basin and Gull Pond. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), Town of Southold (2011), USACE ORM Permit Decisions website.

Historical artificial inlet?
Open in 1991, nearly closed 2001, completely closed by 2004
Proposed for dredging open in 2014, USACE PN No. NAN-2013-01475-EYA with material placed on upland, with replacement/repair of bulkheads and jetties

Spring Pond

Dam Pond
Armored bridge abutments constrict the inlet throat.

Oysterponds Creek

Long Beach Bay

Coecles Harbor
Prior to Hurricane Sandy, the inlet was dredged in 1966 with 143,200 cy of dredged material placed on nearby beaches. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

unnamed inlet 1 on Shelter Island near Mashomack Point

unnamed inlet 2 on Shelter Island near Mashomack Point

unnamed inlet 3 on Shelter Island

unnamed inlet 4 on Shelter Island

unnamed inlet 5 on Shelter Island near Majors Point

Bass Creek (Shelter Island)

Log Cabin Creek (Shelter Island)

Miss Annie's Creek (Shelter Island)

Smith Cove
The inlet was dredged in 1966 with 35,900 cy of dredged material placed on nearby beaches. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

unnamed inlet on Shelter Island near South Ferry landing

Dickerson Creek
Suffolk County periodically dredges the inlet and places dredged material on nearby beaches to the east. Sources: Suffolk County (1985), USACE (2012e).

unnamed inlet southeast of Crab Creek on Shelter Island

Crab Creek
Suffolk County dredged the inlet in 1976 and 1983, placing the dredged material on nearby beaches. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

Gardiners Creek
Amrored bridge abutments constrict the inlet throat.
The inlet was dredged in 1979 with the dredged material placed in an upland area. Source: Suffolk County (1985).

unnamed inlet on Shelter Island near Hay Beach Point

Great Pond (Gardiners Island)

Gaylor Hole (Gardiners Island)
The inlet is periodically dredged by private interests. Sources: Town of East Hampton (1999), USACE ORM Permit Decisions website.

Home Pond (Gardiners Island)

unnamed inlet on Gardiners Island spit

NY Inlets - South Shore

Hook Inlet (closed)
Inlet has historically been opened artificially via pond letting, but now has a permanent buried pipeline outlet to the Atlantic Ocean to control water levels (Bokuniewicz et al. 2011).

Georgica Inlet
Inlet opens and closes periodically both naturally and artificially via pond letting

Sagaponack Inlet
Inlet opens and closes periodically both naturally and artificially via pond letting

Mecox Inlet
Inlet opens and closes periodically both naturally and artificially via pond letting

Historic inlet site where an inlet was opened in the Great New England Hurricane of 1938 (McCormick et al. 1984).

Historic inlet site where an inlet was opened in the Great New England Hurricane of 1938 (McCormick et al. 1984)

Shinnecock Inlet
Opened in the Great New England Hurricane of 1938

Historic inlet site where an inlet was open in 1889 (McCormick et al. 1984)

Lanes Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site where Lanes Inlet was possibly open in 1755 and then from 1834 to 1891 (McCormick et al. 1984, Leatherman 1989).

Historic inlet site known as "Shinnecock Inlets" opens some time after 1873 but closed in May 1889 (McCormick et al. 1984, Leatherman 1989).

Historic inlet site known as "Shinnecock Inlets" open some time after 1873 but closed in May 1889 (McCormick et al. 1984, Leatherman 1989).

Quantuck Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site of Quantuck Inlet, which was open from 1755-1829, again from 1848-1886, and re-opened in the Great New England Hurricane of 1938 (McCormick et al. 1984)

Historic inlet site where an inlet was opened in 1954 (McCormick et al. 1984)

Historic inlet site where an inlet was opened in the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962 (McCormick et al. 1984)

Little Pikes Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site where Little Pikes Inlet was opened by a nor'easter on December 11, 1992, and closed artificially in 1993 (Terchunian and Merkert 1995)

Pikes Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site where Little Pikes Inlet was opened by a nor'easter on December 11, 1992, started closing naturally within two months but then was closed completely artificially in 1993 (Terchunian and Merkert 1995). Also the general location of historic Halletts Inlet, which was open from the mid 1700s to the early 1800s (Leatherman 1989).

Historic Inlet Site (Mastic Gut Inlet)
Historic inlet site where an inlet was opened in the Great New England Hurricane of 1938 (McCormick et al. 1984). Also the approximate location of Mastic Gut Inlet open from the mid 1700s to the early 1800s (Leatherman 1989).

Historic inlet site where an inlet was opened in the Great New England Hurricane of 1938 (McCormick et al. 1984). A nor'easter in January 1980 opened an inlet in this same approximate location 1,000 feet east of Moriches Inlet and was closed artificially in February 1981 (Connell and Zarillo 2011, Rosati et al. 1999, Schmeltz et al. 1982).

Moriches Inlet
Inlet opened in 1931 approximately 3,500 feet to the east of here and had closed naturally in 1951. Dual jetties were built on dry land in 1952-53, artificially opening of the new inlet was initiated and a September 1953 storm opened the new inlet the rest of the way (Connell and Zarillo 2011, Rosati et al. 1999, USACE 2014b)

Historic inlet site where an inlet was open from 1788 to 1833 (McCormick et al. 1984).

Old Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site where Old Inlet was open on maps from 1763 and 1834 and presumably the entire period in between (McCormick et al. 1984, Leatherman 1989).

Historic inlet site where an inlet was open in 1763 and 1825 (McCormick et al. 1984).

Old Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site known as Old Inlet, which was open in 1770 and 1827 (McCormick et al. 1984).

Historic Inlet Site (possible)
McCormick et al. (1984) maps this site east of Davis Park as a possible historic inlet site.

Approximate location of Fire Island Inlet in the early 1600s, which widened to a reported 9 miles in a storm in 1690. The inlet migrated quickly to the west with the Fire Island Lighthouse built 500 feet to the east of the inlet in 1825. Fire Island Inlet stopped migrating with the construction of a jetty in 1941 that stabilized its location (McCormick et al. 1984).

Approximate location of Fire Island Inlet in 1825 when the Fire Island Lighthouse was built 500 feet to the east (McCormick et al. 1984).

Fire Island Inlet
Jetty built in 1939-1941; "sore thumb" dike built on northern shoreline in 1959.

Oak Island Inlet (closed)
McCormick et al. (1984, p. 72) states that Oak Beach has "a long history of inlet openings" but does not place any historic inlets locations on a map. Oak Island Inlet historically separated Captree and Oak Islands; the inlet was open on 1834, 1851 and 1924 maps prior to Fire Island's accretion west seaward of Oak Beach but was closed on maps from 1914 and 1941. The historic inlet later closed some time prior to 1941 but "breaches and overwash continued to occur in this area" (McCormick et al. 1984, p. 72; Kraus et al. 2003).

McCormick et al. (1984, p. 73) states that an inlet historically separated Gilgo and Tobay Beaches and another separated Tobay and Jones Beaches; "the last of these [inlets] was closed in 1930".

Zach's Inlet (closed)
Zach's Inlet was historically open in this location prior to 1897 and closed naturally in the mid-1920s prior to construction of Jones Beach State Park (Hanc 2007).

Smith Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site where Smith Inlet was open by 1773 and at least through 1829 (McCormick et al. 1984, Leatherman 1989).

New Inlet (closed)
The Annual Report of the Life-Saving Service for 1907 notes the location of New Inlet as two miles east of Point Lookout where they maintained a station (U.S. Life-Saving Service 1908). History books on the development of Jones Beach State Park do not mention New Inlet, so presumably the inlet closed naturally prior to the park's construction in 1926-27 (e.g., Hanc 2007).

Jones Inlet
Jetty built on eastern shoreline in 1959. Terminal groin, groins and revetment on western shoreline.

East Rockaway Inlet
Jetty built on eastern (southern) shoreline in 1934. Groins on western (northern) shoreline.

Rockaway Inlet (Jamaica Bay Inlet)
Jetty built on the eastern (southern) shoreline in 1933. Seawall and groins on the western (northern) shoreline.

Historic Inlet Area (The Gut)
The Gut was a historic inlet near the western edge of Brighton Beach that was open when Brighton Beach was founded in 1869-71 (Immerso 2002). Unknown exact location or date of closure.

NJ Inlets

Navesink River Inlet (closed)
Approximate location of historical Navesink River Inlet, which was opened prior to 1835-36 when Sandy Hook was connected to the Highlands and the river emptied directly into the ocean. Inlet closed artificially in 1856 by the railroad and reopened naturally in 1896-97. Inlet closed artificially a second time in 1900-01 (NJDEP 1981).

Shrewsbury River Inlet (closed)
Approximate location of historical Shrewsbury River Inlet, when the Shrewsbury River emptied directly into the ocean. Closed artificially by the railroad in 1856 (NJDEP 1981).

Whale Pond Inlet (closed)
Approximate location of historical Whale Pond Inlet which opened and closed naturally; NJDEP (1981) does not cite specific dates for the inlet's opening and closing.

NJDEP (1981) classifies the seepage to the beach of this brook as a historical inlet.

Deal Lake Inlet (closed)
Deal Lake occasionally has seepage to the beach (NJDEP 1981).

Sunset Pond Inlet (closed)
NJDEP (1981) cites the occasional seepage of Sunset Lake to the ocean as a historic inlet that closed naturally.

Wesley Inlet (closed)
NJDEP (1981) cites the occasional seepage of Wesley Lake (Long Pond) to the ocean as a historic inlet that closed naturally.

Goose Pond Inlet (closed)
NJDEP (1981) cites the occasional seepage of Fletcher Lake (Goose Pond) to the ocean as a historic inlet that closed naturally.

Duck Creek Inlet (closed)
NJDEP (1981) cites the occasional seepage of Sylvan Lake to the ocean as a historic inlet that closed naturally.

Shark River Inlet
Dual jetties built in 1915 and dredging began in 1931 (Angas 1960, Beck and Kraus 2011, Farrell and Leatherman 1989).

Silver Lake Inlet (closed)
NJDEP (1981) cites the occasional seepage of Silver Lake (Perch Pond) to the ocean as a historic inlet that closed naturally.

Three Corner Pond Inlet (closed)
NJDEP (1981) cites the occasional seepage of Lake Como to the ocean as a historic inlet that closed naturally.

Fresh Pond Inlet (closed)
NJDEP (1981) cites the occasional seepage of Spring Lake (Fresh Pond) to the ocean as a historic inlet that closed naturally.

Sea Girt Inlet (closed)
NJDEP (1981) cites the occasional seepage of Wreck Pond to the ocean as a historic inlet that closed naturally.

Newberry Pond Inlet (closed)
NJDEP (1981) cites the old mouth of the Manasauqn (Squan River) as a historic inlet that closed naturally. Approximate location.

Manasquan Inlet
Dual jetties originally built in 1882 and rebuilt in 1922. Inlet closed naturally in 1926 and was re-opened artificially in 1931 with new rock jetties. Dredging began in 1931 (Farrell et al. 1999, Farrell and Leatherman 1989, Hemsley 1990, Kennish 2001, Smith 1988). Bulkheads also stabilize both inlet shorelines.

Monthly historic maps document the presence of a breach that formed in early January 1883 in this approximate location that drained Cookes Pond directly to the ocean, leaving the remnant spit tip as a mid-channel island. The Cookes Pond channel closed naturally in March 1883 (Farrell and Leatherman 1989).

Metedeconk River Inlet (closed)
Approximate location of historical Metedeconk River Inlet, which closed naturally in 1755 (NJDEP 1981).

Kettle Creek Inlet (closed)
Approximate location of historic Kettle Creek Inlet, which closed naturally; NJDEP (1981) does not cite a specifc date of opening or closing.

Cranberry Inlet (closed)
Approximate location of historical Cranberry Inlet, which was located across from Toms River. The inlet opened in 1750 and closed naturally around 1812 (NJDEP 1981).

Barnegat Inlet
Jetties initially built in 1939-40. Dredging began in 1935. New southern jetty built 1987-91 and fill placed between the new and old jetties. Revetment on southern shoreline. Ebb shoal mined in 1979 for Long Beach Island beach fill; currently considered an alternate source of material for the federal Long Beach Island Storm Damage Reduction Project but is not currently proposed for use due to potnetial environmental impacts. Currently dredged three times a year with approximately 100,000 cy dredged each time. Sources: Farrell et al. (1999), Farrell and Leatherman (1989), Kennish (2001), Seabergh et al. (2003), Smith (1988), USACE (2013), USFWS (2005).

Approximate historic inlet site where an inlet opened in the 1962 Ash Wednesday Storm (NJDEP 1981, Nordstrom et al. 1986).

Beach Haven Inlet (closed)
Approximate location of Beach Haven Inlet, which was open in 1687, 1743, 1840 and 1920. The 1920 opening of the inlet was from a series of storms. The inlet historically breaches southern Long Beach Island, migrates south, merges with Little Egg Inlet in a dual inlet system, and repeats the process in a 60-80 year cycle. The short-lived island between Beach Haven Inlet and Little Egg Inlet has historically been called Tucker's Island, which erodes into mid-inlet shoals as the inlets merge (Farrell and Leatherman 1989). Also the general location of a temporary breach in the March 1962 Ash Wednesday Storm (NJDEP 1981).

Little Egg Inlet

Wreck Inlet (closed)
Approximate location of Wreck Inlet when the Great Thorofare merged with Brigantine Inlet in 1953; opened around 1905 (NJDEP 1981).

Brigantine Inlet

Brigantine Island Breach (closed)
A breach opened in 1870 approximately 1.5 miles northeast of Absecon Inlet (NJDEP 1981). The breach was open on a 1904 map but was not shown on a 1941 map and presumably closed naturally by then (Farrell and Leatherman 1989).

Absecon Inlet
Dredging began in 1915. Jetty built on north shoreline in 1948. Inlet also stabilized with groins, bulkheads and a revetment on the south shoreline. Maintenance dredging by the USACE stopped in 1977 after more than 13 mcy of material had been dredged between 1915-1977. Ebb shoal has been mined in the late 1970s and 1989 for fill on Atlantic City beaches (Farrell and Leatherman 1989, Smith 1988).

Dry Inlet (closed)
Dry Inlet was a shallow inlet at present-day Jackson Ave. that closed naturally in 1855 (NJDEP 1981).

New Inlet (closed)
Historically a breach would occur every 15 years or so in this area and would be called New Inlet. The inlet would migrate south, merge with Great Egg Harbor Inlet in a dual-inlet system and then repeat the cycle. The last known breach was prior to 1891 when the cycle was ended by shore protection efforts to protect the new railroad on the Longport spit (Farrell and Leatherman 1989).

Great Egg Harbor Inlet
Inlet stabilized by a terminal groin on the north shoreline and groins on the south shoreline, constructed between 1930 and 1960. Dredging is conducted by the state and USACE. Inlet shoals have been mined at least six times to provide beach fill for Ocean City beaches. Sources: Cialone and Stauble (1998), Farrell and Leatherman (1989), Nordstrom et al. (1986), USFWS (2005).

Approximate location of a historic inlet breach that occurred prior to 1885. Farrell and Leatherman (1989) found this area to be vulnerable to a new breach forming.

Corson's Inlet
Southern shoreline of the inlet has been stabilized with groins and a revetment. Dredging began in 1967 by the state and USACE but maintenance dredging ended in 1971. The ebb shoals have been mined for beach fill in 1984 and 2009 and are a designated borrow area for the federal Great Egg Harbor Inlet to Townsends Inlet Storm Damage Reduction Project. Sources: Farrell and Leatherman (1989), NJDEP Bureau of Coastal Engineering (2009b), Nordstrom (1988).

The north end of Ludlum Island was breached in the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962 but a precise location is not known (Nordstrom et al. 1986).

Townsends Inlet
Inlet is stabilized in the 1960s with groins on both shorelines and a seawall/revetment on the south shoreline. Dredging of the inlet began in 1950 by the state and USACE. The inlet shoals were mined in 1978 for beach fill on the southern end of Sea Isle City. The inlet channel was artificially relocated in 1978. Sources: Farrell and Leatherman (1989), Nordstrom (1988), Nordstrom et al. (1986), USFWS (2005).

Hereford Inlet
The south shoreline of the inlet is stabilized with a terminal groin, groins, a seawall/revetment and bulkhead. The inlet has migrated to the south; there are buried hard stabilization structures along the old inlet shoreline at the north end of The Point spit, which were built prior to 1937. The inlet was dredged from 1967 to 1983. The inlet shoals were mined in 2009 for beach fill in Stone Harbor and North Wildwood. Sources: Farrell and Leatherman (1989), NJDEP Bureau of Coastal Engineering (2009a), Nordstrom (1988), Nordstrom et al. (1986), USFWS (2005).

Turtle Gut Inlet (closed)
Turtle Gut Inlet was located approximately 2 miles north of Cape May (Cold Springs) Inlet. The inlet closed naturally in 1909, reopened naturally some time after that, then was artificially closed in 1917 or 1922 (NJDEP 1981, Farrell and Leatherman 1989, Dorwart 2002).

Cape May Inlet (Cold Spring Inlet)
Dredging of the inlet begain in 1908 and dual jetties were constructed in 1911 (Farrell and Leatherman 1989, Smith 1988).

DE Inlets

Indian River Inlet
Inlet historically opened and closed periodically both naturally and artificially between 1911 and 1933. Attempts to open the inlet artificially during this period had various levels of success. Dredging began in 1876. Inlet flood shoal was mined in 1876 and 1883 for fill. Dual jetties constructed in 1939 and bulkheads in 1941. Inlet has remained open since it was stabilized. A sand bypassing plant was constructed in 1990 and is operated by the state and USACE to bypass sand from south to north (Delaware Inland Bays Estuary Program 1993, Smith 1988).

Assawoman Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site for Assawoman Inlet, which was open on historic maps from 1690 reproduced in Krantz et al. (2009) but closed some time before 1880.

MD Inlets

Mattapany Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site for Mattapany Inlet, which was open in 1690 but closed some time before 1880 (Krantz et al. 2009).

The Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962 opened an inlet approximately 4.2 miles (6.7 km) north of Ocean City Inlet. The inlet closed between April 1962 and January 1963, possibly artificially (Rosati 2005).

Historic Inlet Site (Beach Inlet)
Historic inlet area for Beach Inlet, which was open in 1690 but closed some time prior to 1880 (Krantz et al. 2009).

Ocean City Inlet
An artificial inlet was cut somewhere in the vicinity of Ocean City prior to World War I but it closed naturally a short time later. Plans to open another inlet had state funding but were awaiting federal funding when a hurricane in August 1933 opened Ocean City Inlet. The north jetty was completed in 1934 and the south jetty in 1935. Three breakwaters on the south shoreline were built in 1983. Dredging was authorized in 1935. The Assateague Island Restoration Project dredges sand from the inlet shoals and navigation channel to bypass sand to the surf zone of Assateague Island twice annually since 2004. Sources: Brock et al. (2004), Dean (1993), Hemsley (1990), Rosati (2005), Schupp et al. (2013), Smith (1988).

Breaches were opened just south of the southern jetty by storms in November 1961 and the Ash Wednesday Storm of March 1962. The breach(es) were closed April 1962 - January 1963 (Rosati 2005).

The Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962 opened a new inlet approximately 1.2 miles (2 km) south of Ocean City Inlet. Artificial closure attempts in April and May 1962 failed and the inlet was finally closed in 1965 (Rosati 2005, Schupp et al. 2013).

Historic inlet site for an unnamed inlet that was open for a short period in 1920 (Krantz et al. 2009).

Sandy Point Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet area for Sandy Point Inlet, which was open in 1690 but closed some time before 1880. Another Sandy Point Inlet was open in this area from 1920-29 (Krantz et al. 2009).

North Beach Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site for North Beach Inlet, which was open in the 1870s (Krantz et al. 2009).

Sinepuxent Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site for Sinepuxent Inlet, which was open when Verrazano mapped the Maryland coast in 1524 and closed around 1830 (Krantz et al. 2009, Morgan 2011).

Historic inlet site for an unnamed inlet that was open around 1790 but closed some time before 1880 (Krantz et al. 2009).

Historic Inlet Area (Fox Hill Inlets)
Historic inlet area for the Fox Hill Inlets, which were open in the late 1800s (Krantz et al. 2009).

Slough Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site for Slough Inlet, which was open around 1760 but closed some time prior to 1880 (Krantz et al. 2009).

Green Run Inlet (closed)
Historic inlet site for Green Run Inlet, which was open from around 1790 to 1890 (Krantz et al. 2009).

Morgan (2011, p. 16) cited an unnamed inlet as open and marked on a 1649 map "a short distance north of the Maryland border" on Assateague Island. Historic maps reproduced in Krantz et al. (2009) show the inlet as open in 1690 but closed in 1880.

VA Inlets

An unnamed inlet was marked on a 1649 map less than a mile south of the Maryland-Virginia border on Assateague Island (Morgan 2011). Historic maps reproduced in Krantz et al. (2009) show the inlet as open in 1690 but closed by 1880.

Historic maps reproduced in Krantz et al. (2009) show an inlet as open in this area in 1690 but closed by 1880.

Assateague Inlet (closed)
Historic maps reproduced in Krantz et al. (2009) show Assateague Inlet as open in this area in 1690 and 1880 but closed some time after 1880.

Chincoteague Inlet
The inlet was approved for dredging in 1972 and is dredged annually by the USACE depending on funding (USACE 2014a, USFWS 2014).

Historic inlet site where an inlet was opened by the Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962. The inlet was artificially filled by 1965 (King et al. 2010).

Assawoman Inlet (closed)
Inlet closed naturally some time between 1988 and 1994.

Gargathy Inlet

Metompkin Inlet

Unnamed breach visible in 10/30/2008 aerial imagery but closed by 2011 imagery.

Unnamed breach on northern Cedar Island visible in aerial imagery dated 10/20/2008, and 11/15/2009 but is closed by 9/27/2011 imagery. An inlet is also visible in this area in 3/19/1994 imagery but not imagery from 9/22/2005, 10/26/2006 or 4/29/2007.

Unnamed ephemeral inlet near Great Gut that periodically opens and closes in this general location (Nebel et al. 2012). An inlet is visible in aerial imagery from 9/22/2005, 10/29/2006. Imagery from 3/19/1994 shows an inlet immediately to the north approximately 0.6 miles. The inlet is essentially closed in 4/29/2007 imagery.

Wachapreague Inlet

Unnamed breach (closed)
Aerial imagery indicates an unnamed breach opening in 2009 which appears essentially closed in 2011 with two drainage channels but no ebb tidal delta.

Quinby Inlet
Historically also known as Little Machipongo Inlet, as it was labelled on a coast survey maps from 1852, 1853 and 1910 (Barnes et al. 2008).

Great Machipongo Inlet

US Coast Survey map of 1852 shows a dual inlet system just north of the midpoint of Cobb Island; the inlet(s) were not named (Barnes et al. 2008).

Sand Shoal Inlet

Historic Inlet Area (Wreck Inlet)
US Coast Survey maps of 1852 and 1854 show an inlet at the northern end of Wreck Island labelled Wreck Inlet, separating it from Bone Island to the north (Barnes et al. 2008).

New Inlet

Ship Shoal Inlet

Unnamed breach (Myrtle Island)

Unnamed inlet (Myrtle & Mink Islands)

Little Inlet

Bungalow Inlet (closed)
Inlet was open 1929-1969 and divided Smith Island (Finkelstein 1988).

Fishermans Inlet
Historically also known as Smith's Island Inlet

Rudee Inlet